I have a Dream
Martin Luther King, Jr.

Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand signed the Emancipation Proclamation. This momentous decree came as a great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice. It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of captivity.
But one hundred years later, we must face the tragic fact that the Negro is still not free. One hundred years later, the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination. One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity. One hundred years later, the Negro is still languishing in the corners of American society and finds himself an exile in his own land. So we have come here today to dramatize an appalling condition.

In a sense we have come to our nation's capital to cash a check. When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir. This note was a promise that all men would be guaranteed the inalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

It is obvious today that America has defaulted on this promissory note insofar as her citizens of color are concerned. Instead of honoring this sacred obligation, America has given the Negro people a bad check which has come back marked "insufficient funds." But we refuse to believe that the bank of justice is bankrupt. We refuse to believe that there are insufficient funds in the great vaults of opportunity of this nation.
So we have come to cash this check -- a check that will give us upon demand the riches of freedom and the security of justice.
We have also come to this hallowed spot to remind America of the fierce urgency of now. This is no time to engage in the luxury of cooling off or to take the tranqui- lizing drug of gradualism. Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice. Now is the time to open the doors of opportunity to all of God's children. Now is the time to lift our nation from the quicksands of racial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood.
It would be fatal for the nation to overlook the urgency of the moment and to underestimate the determination of the Negro. This sweltering summer of the Negro's legitimate discontent will not pass until there is an invigorating autumn of freedom and equality. Nineteen sixty-three is not an end, but a beginn- ing. Those who hope that the Negro needed  to blow off steam and will now be  content will have a rude awakening if the nation returns to business as usual. There will be neither rest nor tranqui lity in America until the Negro is granted his citizenship rights. The whirl- winds of revolt will continue to shake the foundations of our nation until the bright day of justice emerges.
But there is something that I must say to my people who stand on the warm threshold which leads into the palace of justice. In the process of gaining our rightful place we must not be guilty of wrongful deeds. Let us not seek to sati- sfy our thirst for freedom by drinking from the cup of bitterness and hatred.
We must forever conduct our struggle on the high plane of dignity and discipline  We must not allow our creative protest to degenerate into physical violence. Again and again we must rise to the majestic heights of meeting physical force with soul force. The marvelous new militancy which has engulfed the Negro community must not lead us to distrust of all white people, for many of our white brothers, as evidenced by their presence here today, have come to realize that their destiny is tied up with our destiny and their freedom is inextricably bound to our freedom.
We cannot walk alone. And as we walk, we must make the pledge that we shall march ahead. We cannot turn back. There are those who are asking the devotees of civil rights, "When will you be satisfied?" We can never be satisfied as long as our bodies, heavy with the fatigue of travel, cannot gain lodging in the motels of the highways and the hotels of the cities. We cannot be satisfied as long as the Negro's basic mobility is from a smaller ghetto to a larger one. We can never be satisfied as long as a Negro in Mississippi cannot vote and a Negro in New York believes he has nothing for which to vote. No, no, we are not satisfied, and we will not be satisfied until justice rolls down like waters and righteousness like a mighty stream.

I am not unmindful that some of you have come here out of great trials and tribulations. Some of you have come fresh from narrow cells. Some of you have come from areas where your quest for freedom left you battered by the storms of persecution and staggered by the winds of police brutality. You have been the veterans of creative suffering. Continue to work with the faith that unearned suffering is redemptive.
Go back to Mississippi, go back to Alabama, go back to Georgia, go back to Louisiana, go back to the slums and ghettos of our northern cities, knowing that somehow this situation can and will be changed. Let us not wallow in the valley of despair.

I say to you today, my friends, that in spite of the difficulties and frustrations of the moment, I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream.
I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: "We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal."
I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slaveowners will be able to sit down together at a table of brotherhood.
I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a desert state, sweltering with the heat of injustice and oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice.
I have a dream that my four children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.
I have a dream today.
I have a dream that one day the state of Alabama, whose governor's lips are presently dripping with the words of interposition and nullification, will be transformed into a situation where little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls and walk together as sisters and brothers.
I have a dream today.I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough places will be made plain, and the crooked places will be made straight, and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed, and all flesh shall see it together.
This is our hope. This is the faith with which I return to the South. With this faith we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope. With this faith we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood. With this faith we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day. This will be the day when all of God's children will be able to sing with a new meaning, "
My country, 'tis of thee, sweet land of liberty, of thee I sing. Land where my fathers died, land of the pilgrim's pride, from every mountainside, let freedom ring."
And if America is to be a great nation this must become true. So let freedom ring from the prodigious hilltops of New Hampshire. Let freedom ring from the mighty mountains of New York. Let freedom ring from the heightening Alleghenies of Pennsylvania!
Let freedom ring from the snowcapped Rockies of Colorado!
Let freedom ring from the curvaceous peaks of California!
But not only that; let freedom ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia!
Let freedom ring from Lookout Mountain of Tennessee!
Let freedom ring from every hill and every molehill of Mississippi. From every mountainside, let freedom ring.
When we let freedom ring, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of God's children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual, "Free at last! free at last! thank God Almighty, we are free at last!"

　　一
　　 中华民国十五年三月二十五日，就是国立北京女子师范大学为十八日在段祺瑞执政府前遇害的刘和珍杨德群〔２〕两君开追悼会的那一天，我独在礼堂外徘徊，遇见 程君〔３〕，前来问我道，“先生可曾为刘和珍写了一点什么没有？”我说“没有”。她就正告我，“先生还是写一点罢；刘和珍生前就很爱看先生的文章。”

　　 这是我知道的，凡我所编辑的期刊，大概是因为往往有始无终之故罢，销行一向就甚为寥落，然而在这样的生活艰难中，毅然预定了《莽原》〔４〕全年的就有她。 我也早觉得有写一点东西的必要了，这虽然于死者毫不相干，但在生者，却大抵只能如此而已。倘使我能够相信真有所谓“在天之灵”，那自然可以得到更大的安 慰，——但是，现在，却只能如此而已。

　　 可是我实在无话可说。我只觉得所住的并非人间。四十多个青年的血，洋溢在我的周围，使我艰于呼吸视听，那里还能有什么言语？长歌当哭，是必须在痛定之后 的。而此后几个所谓学者文人的阴险的论调，尤使我觉得悲哀。我已经出离愤怒了。我将深味这非人间的浓黑的悲凉；以我的最大哀痛显示于非人间，使它们快意于 我的苦痛，就将这作为后死者的菲薄的祭品，奉献于逝者的灵前。

　　 二
　　 真的猛士，敢于直面惨淡的人生，敢于正视淋漓的鲜血。这是怎样的哀痛者和幸福者？然而造化又常常为庸人设计，以时间的流驶，来洗涤旧迹，仅使留下淡红的血 色和微漠的悲哀。在这淡红的血色和微漠的悲哀中，又给人暂得偷生，维持着这似人非人的世界。我不知道这样的世界何时是一个尽头！

　　 我们还在这样的世上活着；我也早觉得有写一点东西的必要了。离三月十八日也已有两星期，忘却的救主快要降临了罢，我正有写一点东西的必要了。

　　 三
　　 在四十余被害的青年之中，刘和珍君是我的学生。学生云者，我向来这样想，这样说，现在却觉得有些踌躇了，我应该对她奉献我的悲哀与尊敬。她不是“苟活到现在的我”的学生，是为了中国而死的中国的青年。

　　 她的姓名第一次为我所见，是在去年夏初杨荫榆女士做女子师范大学校长，开除校中六个学生自治会职员的时候。〔５〕其中的一个就是她；但是我不认识。直到后 来，也许已经是刘百昭率领男女武将，强拖出校之后了，才有人指着一个学生告诉我，说：这就是刘和珍。其时我才能将姓名和实体联合起来，心中却暗自诧异。我 平素想，能够不为势利所屈，反抗一广有羽翼的校长的学生，无论如何，总该是有些桀骜锋利的，但她却常常微笑着，态度很温和。待到偏安于宗帽胡同〔６〕，赁 屋授课之后，她才始来听我的讲义，于是见面的回数就较多了，也还是始终微笑着，态度很温和。待到学校恢复旧观〔７〕，往日的教职员以为责任已尽，准备陆续 引退的时候，我才见她虑及母校前途，黯然至于泣下。此后
似乎就不相见。总之，在我的记忆上，那一次就是永别了。

　　 四
　　 我在十八日早晨，才知道上午有群众向执政府请愿的事；下午便得到噩耗，说卫队居然开枪，死伤至数百人，而刘和珍君即在遇害者之列。但我对于这些传说，竟至 于颇为怀疑。我向来是不惮以最坏的恶意，来推测中国人的，然而我还不料，也不信竟会下有残到这地步。况且始终微笑着的和蔼的刘和珍君，更何至于无端在府门 前喋血呢？

　　 然而即日证明是事实了，作证的便是她自己的尸骸。还有一具，是杨德群君的。而且又证明着这不但是杀害，简直是虐杀，因为身体上还有棍棒的伤痕。

　　 但段政府就有令，说她们是“暴徒”！

　　 但接着就有流言，说她们是受人利用的。

　　 惨象，已使我目不忍视了；流言，尤使我耳不忍闻。我还有什么话可说呢？我懂得衰亡民族之所以默无声息的缘由了。沉默呵，沉默呵！不在沉默中爆发，就在沉默中灭亡。

　　 五
　　 但是，我还有要说的话。

　　 我没有亲见；听说，她，刘和珍君，那时是欣然前往的。自然，请愿而已，稍有人心者，谁也不会料到有这样的罗网。但竟在执政府前中弹了，从背部入，斜穿心肺，已是致命的创伤，只是没有便死。同去的张静淑〔８〕君想扶起她，
中了四弹，其一是手枪，立仆；同去的杨德群君又想去扶起她，也被击，弹从左肩入，穿胸偏右出，也立仆。但她还能坐起来，一个兵在她头部及胸部猛击两棍，于是死掉了。

　　 始终微笑的和蔼的刘和珍君确是死掉了，这是真的，有她自己的尸骸为证；沉勇而友爱的杨德群君也死掉了，有她自己的尸骸为证；只有一样沉勇而友爱的张静淑君 还在医院里呻吟。当三个女子从容地转辗于文明人所发明的枪弹的攒射中的时候，这是怎样的一个惊心动魄的伟大呵！中国军人的屠戮妇婴的伟绩，八国联军的惩创 学生的武功，不幸全被这几缕血痕抹杀了。

　　 但是中外的杀人者却居然昂起头来，不知道个个脸上有着血污……。

　　 六
　　 时间永是流驶，街市依旧太平，有限的几个生命，在中国是不算什么的，至多，不过供无恶意的闲人以饭后的谈资，或者给有恶意的闲人作“流言”的种子。至于此 外的深的意义，我总觉得很寥寥，因为这实在不过是徒手的请愿。人类的血战前行的历史，正如煤的形成，当时用大量的木材，结果却只是一小块，但请愿是不在其 中的，更何况是徒手。

　　 然而既然有了血痕了，当然不觉要扩大。至少，也当浸渍了亲族；师友，爱人的心，纵使时光流驶，洗成绯红，也会在微漠的悲哀中永存微笑的和蔼的旧影。陶潜〔９〕说过，“亲戚或余悲，他人亦已歌，死去何所道，托体同山阿。”倘能如此，这也就够了。

　　 七
　　 我已经说过：我向来是不惮以最坏的恶意来推测中国人的。但这回却很有几点出于我的意外。一是当局者竟会这样地凶残，一是流言家竟至如此之下劣，一是中国的女性临难竟能如是之从容。

　　 我目睹中国女子的办事，是始于去年的，虽然是少数，但看那干练坚决，百折不回的气概，曾经屡次为之感叹。至于这一回在弹雨中互相救助，虽殒身不恤的事实， 则更足为中国女子的勇毅，虽遭阴谋秘计，压抑至数千年，而终于没有消亡的明证了。倘要寻求这一次死伤者对于将来的意义，意义就在此罢。

　　 苟活者在淡红的血色中，会依稀看见微茫的希望；真的猛士，将更奋然而前行。

　　 呜呼，我说不出话，但以此记念刘和珍君！

注释：
　　 〔１〕　最初发表于一九二六年四月二日《语丝》周刊第七十四期。
　　 〔２〕　刘和珍（１９０４-１９２６）　江西南昌人，北京女子师范大学英文系学生。杨德群（１９０２-１９２６），湖南湘阴人，北京女子师范大学国文系预科学生。
　　 〔３〕　程君　指程毅志，湖北孝感人，北京女子师范大学教育系学生。〖回阅读点〗
　　 〔４〕　《莽原》　文艺刊物，鲁迅编辑。一九二五年四月二十四日创刊于北京。初为周刊，附《京报》发行，同年十一月二十七日出至第三十二期休刊。一九二六 年一月十日改为半月刊，未名社出版。一九二六年八月鲁迅离开北京后，由韦素园接编，一九二七年十二月二十五日出至第四十八期停刊。这里所说的“毅然预定了 《莽原》全年”，指《莽原》半月刊。
　　 〔５〕　在北京女子师范大学学生反对校长杨荫榆的风潮中，杨于一九二五年五月七日借召开“国耻纪念会”为名，强行登台做主席，但立即为全场学生的嘘声所赶 走。下午，她在西安饭店召集若干教员宴饮，阴谋迫害学生。九日，假借评议会名义开除许广平、刘和珍、蒲振声、张平江、郑德音、姜伯谛等六个学生自治会职 员。
　　 〔６〕　偏安于宗帽胡同　反对杨荫榆的女师大学生被赶出学校后，在西城宗帽胡同赁房屋作为临时校舍，于一九二五年九月十一日开学。当时鲁迅和一些进步教师曾去义务授课，表示支持。
　　 〔７〕　学校恢复旧观　女师大学生经过一年多的斗争，在社会进步力量的声援下，于一九二五年十一月三十日迁回宣武门内石驸马大街原址，宣告复校。
　　 〔８〕　张静淑（１９０２-１９７８）　湖南长沙人，北京女子师范大学教育系学生。受伤后经医治，幸得不死。
　　 〔９〕　陶潜　晋代诗人。参看注〔５〕。这里引用的是他所作《挽歌》中的四句。